The rapidly growing car culture in Mumbai has led officials and urban planners to compromise pedestrian infrastructure for car-centric and congestion-easing strategies. According to the Times of India, although 44 percent of citizens walk some distance to work, the pavements dedicated to pedestrian safety have been shrinking. As a result of such design decisions, pedestrians now make up 78 percent of all road fatalities. Bikes and three-wheelers follow, making up 7 percent and 4 percent of road fatalities, respectively.
The evidence of shrinking sidewalks comes from the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), where researchers found that the accessibility of sidewalks in Worli, Mumbai had significantly narrowed. “There used to be over three-metre-wide (10 feet) pavements in the past which have shrunk after a flyover was constructed and road widening undertaken,” said Rakesh Kumar, director of NEERI. “Existing pavements are reduced due to encroachments by electric and telecom boxes, trees and even bus stops.”
City infrastructure aside, suburban areas are worse off when it comes to road safety. “Calling pedestrians ‘forgotten citizens,’ Chembur resident Vijay Sangole said areas like the R C Marg junction (where the monorail construction is underway ) are perilous for walkers,” reports the Times of India. “Pedestrians are most marginalized along trunk routes like the express highways, Jogeshwari-Vikhroli Link Road, and the new link road from Andheri to Dahisar, observed activist Krishnaraj Rao who led the Sahasi Padhyatri movement in 2008. He added that foot overbridges were stationed at an interval of three to four kilometres, inconveniencing pedestrians who have to cross roads.”
Pedestrians make up an alarming majority of road fatalities in the developing world, but this disturbing phenomenon is not unique to the developing world. The World Bank and the World Health Organization estimate that car occupants account for almost 60 percent of road fatalities in developed countries, but the lack of pedestrian infrastructure has been making some headlines over the last year.
The Case of Raquel Nelson
On April 20, 2010, Raquel Nelson and her three children set out to cross Austell Road, a five-lane road, in their suburban town in Atlanta, Ga. They had just gotten off the bus, which dropped them off across the street from their complex. Following the other passengers coming off the bus, Nelson and her three children waited for a break in traffic and walked across the road to the median, to again wait for another break in traffic. When one of the other pedestrians made a run to the other side, Nelson’s four-year old son, A.J., followed, letting go of his mother’s hand. At that point, A.J. was struck by an oncoming car. After hitting A.J., the driver sped off, fleeing the scene of the crash.
A.J. was killed by the hit-and-run driver.
It was later revealed that the driver who struck A.J. was blind in one eye and had been drinking and using pain killers before he got behind the wheel. He was convicted and served six months of a five-year sentence.
A.J.’s mother was also convicted of reckless conduct, improperly crossing a roadway, and second-degree homicide by vehicle by the jury. Her conviction carried a sentence of 36 months, for which she asked for a new trial and was granted her request by Judge Katherine Tanksley. In the meantime, Judge Tanksley sentenced Nelson to 12 months of probation.
Outrage from the Transport Community
Raquel Nelson being charged with vehicular homicide struck a chord with Transportation for America, a coalition supporting an array of transportation policies. “According to the office of Cobb County prosecutor Barry Morgan, Nelson–who had no car at the time–committed vehicular homicide by attempting to cross a five-lane highway with her three kids to get to her apartment, after being let off the bus,” said the TfA article.
Further enraging is that Nelson’s conviction came from a group of jurors who had never taken a bus in metro Atlanta.
“Nelson, 30 and African-American, was convicted on the charge this week by six jurors who were not her peers: All were middle-class whites, and none had ever taken a bus in metro Atlanta. In other words, none had ever been in Nelson’s shoes:
They had never taken two buses to go grocery shopping at Wal-Mart with three kids in tow. They had never missed a transfer on the way home that caused them to wait a full hour-and-a-half with tired and hungry kids for the next bus. They had never been let off at a bus stop on a five-lane speedway, with their apartment in sight across the road, and been asked to drag those three little ones an additional half-mile-plus down the road to the nearest traffic signal and back in order to get home at last.
And they had never lost control of an over-eager four-year-old as they waited on a three-foot median for a car to pass. Nor had they watched helplessly as a driver who had had “three or four” beers and two painkillers barreled toward their child.”
The Huffington Post echoed this point in an article published in July 2011.
“Nelson, a black woman, was convicted by an all-white jury. She relies on public transportation; she is a pedestrian in a car-oriented Atlanta suburb. During jury questioning, none of the jurors who would eventually convict Nelson raised their hands when asked if they relied on public transportation. Just one juror admitted to ever having ridden a public bus, though in response to a subsequent question, a few said they’d taken a bus to Braves games.
Nelson was not judged by a jury of her peers; she was convicted by a jury that had no understanding of the circumstances that compelled her to cross the street where she did.”
Pedestrian Behavior
According to Transportation for America, road design and public transportation in suburban communities are not sufficient to address such traffic incidents and fatalities. What pedestrians will do, TfA explains, will be to take the shortest reasonable path.
The Huffington Post agrees and reinstates the importance of sound road design as a prevention technique. The article writes, “There is something to be said for designing cities with an eye toward how people actually behave, not how urban planners wish they would. Putting a bus stop in the middle of a busy highway, three-tenths of a mile away from the nearest crosswalk—while zoning for apartments and businesses on the other side of the same street—is poor planning.”
Ben Welle, assistant project manager of Health and Road Safety at EMBARQ (the producer of this blog), believes that these examples show the dangerous situations all road users must face when cities are planned only for cars. “The thing to remember is that the one thing that is always involved in a car crash is a car, so slowing them down through good design and shifting trips through high quality mass transit, walking and biking facilities can really reduce risk,” he says.
Dario Hidalgo, director of Research and Practice at EMBARQ, emphasizes the importance of inclusive road planning but also argues in favor of reducing vehicle miles traveled to protect all road users. He writes:
“Car centric urban development, the kind the U.S. cities have been applying for 80+ years, has resulted in many social and environmental inequities. The sad case of Raquel Nelson’s son, and her own verdict in the legal case against her, are just symbolic of what are the priorities in such a society: to yield to cars, to endanger children in favor of car access, to see pedestrian and public transit users as rare individuals, to be lenient with car drivers which may not be able to drive, to ask people to walk 1 mile when direct distance is 300 feet, and to leave the decision to a jury that is not familiar with the needs of vulnerable populations. All for the sake of increasing speed and accessibility for cars, not for people. At the same time, cars are safer for those inside, and roads are safer for those driving, forgiving their human mistakes, but not those of people outside the cars. It took five generations to reach this state; I hope it does not take another five generations to come back to a more balanced, human-centric approach. I am still optimistic: governments around the world have placed the Decade of Action on Road Safety in the center of the public agenda, and the way forward is clear: it includes going beyond the safe car and safe road for cars, it includes reducing vehicle miles driven to reduce exposure, with urban development and sustainable transport measures—more walking, more biking and more transit.”
In order to protect pedestrians, some cities turn to design tactics, like adding overpasses or underground tunnels. Mogilev, Belarus, for example, started constructing a 12-meter underground pedestrian tunnel in 2009 to help pedestrians avoid the heavily trafficked roads above ground.
Cities also ticket jaywalkers to help curb road fatalities.
What is your experience with pedestrian infrastructure in your city? Which design or policy strategies have you seen that work?
Click on the image below to watch a special by PBS on jaywalking and pedestrian infrastructure.