Consistent with its long-established reputation of exploring the forefronts of technological development, IBM, the technology firm, displayed interest in “smart city” technology with the grand gesture of creating The Smarter Cities Challenge. This competitive challenge awards 100 cities around the world $50 million in grants for technology and services.

On March 9, IBM announced the 24 winning cities for 2011, which include Guadalajara, Mexico; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Delhi, India; Antofagasta, Chile; Boulder, Co.; and Glasgow, Scotland. “The cities had to be prepared to match IBM’s investment with their own commitment of time and resources,” the challenge website reads. “Proposals articulating pressing urban concerns that could be addressed by implementing ‘smarter’ technologies and processes rose to the top of the list.”

IBM is not alone. Cisco has its Smart+Connected Communities initiative. The Economist recently held its “Intelligent Infrastructure” conference. And the National Resources Defense Council runs a Smarter Cities project.

With interest in “smart cities” growing—among business, governments, media and nonprofits—urban planners and technology corporations debate this type of approach to urban development.

“Smart city” has become a catchall term whose meaning is often used in the way that it sounds: energy-efficient buildings, transit, urban infrastructure and energy systems, including smart grids. In a broad sense, smart grids are a form of electricity network that utilizes digital technology. These new systems are purported to allow for greater efficiency in power distribution, monitoring and maintenance, both for consumers and energy providers. The applications of smart grid technology span from increasing energy efficiency in home energy consumption to improving traffic flow by using real-time information of street congestion and parking spot availability.

Countries around the world are taking advantage of these trends. South Korea, for example, announced last week that it will invest $7.18 billion into a nationwide smart grid to be completed by 2030. The initiative is being conducted by the state-run Korea Electric Power Corp (KEPCO) and includes plans for the nation to source 11 percent of its energy from renewable resources. KEPCO cites improving energy efficiency and curbing carbon emissions as primary motives for the project. Other massive smart city initiatives include a 246-acre smart city for IT businesses in Kochi, India, and London’s current UK Power Networks’ Low Carbon London project, which includes an electricity grid with demand-side management resources, electric vehicles, heat pumps, micro-generation and smart meter installation. The project is set to continue through June 2014.

Smart City Skepticism

Despite fervent development of smart city technologies and smart city initiatives, the discourse concerning these approaches to eco-friendly city developments has not been all positive. Many feel that approaching the greening of cities with an emphasis on things like the energy efficiency of buildings, lighting fixtures and new electricity grids is ignoring the bigger issues at hand.

“In my opinion the ‘technologies’ that will do the most good, are not new,” Vancouver’s planning director Brent Toderian said, referring to “compact, mixed-use, walkable communities; bikes, separated bike lanes and bike sharing; transit; small scale innovation like wheeled luggage; simple techniques that we’ve forgotten like passive building design; or globally-understood tech like district/neighborhood energy based on renewable resources.”

Others assert there is a product-focused dynamic ailing this issue of creating city solutions. In the words of Kaid Benfield of the National Resources Defense Council: “Buy compact fluorescent light bulbs. Buy a Prius. Buy some bamboo… and everything will be OK. Or will it?”  With large multinational corporations and their respective technologies edging for airtime in the conversation of urban development, many believe there isn’t enough emphasis being placed on the potentially untrendy, unmarketable solutions, like bus rapid transit, transit-oriented development or even bicycling. In regards to the product-oriented aspect of smart cities, Toderian adds, “Although many such products sound useful, this feels like part of the ‘technology will save us’ movement.”

Holistic Approach

It doesn’t make sense to dispute the value of technology for energy-efficient housing and real-time traffic information versus planning decisions for compact, transit-friendly urban development. Wise energy consumption and management from smart cities are estimated to solve at least 30 percent of our current energy and environmental problems. At the same time, considering that cars sit parked for nearly 80 percent of the time, it seems intuitive that there are many societal and environmental benefits from developing livable cities without as many cars. As with most things, the smart cities trend will benefit from a more balanced approach.

As we’ve highlighted in a previous post on the future of sustainable urban mobility, “It’s difficult to predict how technology will progress, so it’s important to focus on people first,” according to Dario Hidalgo, director of Research and Practice for EMBARQ, the producer of this blog. “The most important goal should be to change human behavior, so that we avoid unnecessary car use and shift to the most efficient modes, such as walking, cycling and mass transit.”